APA referencing: How to reference...

Book references should be given in the following order:

Author name, initial(s), date, title of book in italics, place of publication, publisher, as follows:

Bloggs, J. (1995). Adolescence. London: Sage.

Bloggs, J., & Jones, C. (1996). Delinquency. Oxford: Blackwell.

Note the punctuation: comma after surname; full stop after initial, date (inside brackets), title of book, name of publisher; a full colon between the place of publication and the publisher's name. Also note that the book title appears in italics.

If you are citing a chapter in an edited book then the reference should be written as follows:

Here Armstrong is the author of the chapter which is entitled ‘Malory and character’. This chapter appears in the book by Leitch & Rushton.  Note that the editor's initial appears before the surname in this type of reference and the surname is followed by the abbreviation Ed. in brackets.  

Note that it is the title of the book in which the chapter appears which is in itallics.

eBooks may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form.  Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print.  If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," rather than "Retrieved from".  For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publication date in parentheses after the author's name. References for eBook editions should include the type and version of eBook you are referencing (e.g., "[Kindle DX version]").  If DOIs are available, provide them at the end of the reference.

You should reference a webpage in a similar way to print resources, however, you should include a URL as well.  You can make this a live link at your discretion.  You should use the phrase 'retrieved from' to indicate the URL, and also include standard information such as author and date.  For example:

Author, A. A. & Author B. B. (Date of publication). Title of page [Format description when necessary]. Retrieved from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Laville, A. (2022). We need to change to make Psychology a fairer science. Retrieved from https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/we-need-change-make-psychology-fairer-science

In text citations should include the author and date, similar to print citations, e.g.:

(Laville, 2022)

Sometimes there is no author and/ or date on a webpage, in which case, the title of the page should be used in place of the author and/ or the abbreviation (n.d.)  (for 'no date') used.  For example:

United Arab Emirates architecture (n.d.).  Retrieved from: http://www.uaeinteract.com/

Here the in-text citation would use the first few words of the title, e.g.:  

(United Arab Emirates, n.d.)

However, if there is an organisation, that should be used in place of a single author, e.g.:

American Psychological Association (2009). Blog guidelines: APA Style Blog. Retrieved from: https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/blog-guidelines.html

Reference in a similar way to an online resource.  The APA recommends using the homepage address for the online newspaper, rather than the full URL for the article itself.  

Common software (e.g. Word, Excel), mobile apps and programming languages mentioned in-text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations.  Provide references only for specialized software, or where you have paraphrased or quoted from the software/ app.  

The reference should follow the usual who-when-what-where format:

• Use an individual’s name in the reference if he or she has proprietary rights to the program. In all other cases, create a reference as you would for unauthored works.
• After the title, in brackets, provide a descriptor for the item. This helps the reader immensely.
• If the software is available online, provide the URL rather than the publisher name and location.

Example Reference:

Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator [Computer software]. Washington, DC: E & K Press.

Customized Synergy [Computer software]. (2014). Retrieved from http://customizedsynergy.com

Example citation:

“We used the Obscure Reference Generator (Version 2.1; Esolang, 2014) and Version 1.0 of Customized Synergy (2014) to complete our work."

APA 6^th doesn’t produce any specific guidance on pictures, so my interpretation is as follows:

If the image is for use only in an assignment or a PowerPoint presentation, follow this advice.   If you are seeking advice for a thesis, paper or book that is to be published, please see the advice on the copyright library guide

Image from an online source (Web page or image search):

If the image can be accessed separately, cite as an independent source. Otherwise, cite the source of the image (i.e., the web page on which the image appears).:

Format:

Artist/Owner, A. A., & Artist/Owner, A. A. (year). Title (or description, if there is no title) [Image]. Retrieved from URL

Examples:

Center for Disease Control. (2016). Malaria lifecycle [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/images/graphs/life_cycle/malaria_lifecycle.gif

In text, the standard in-text citation would go as a caption below the image:

Figure 1. Life cycle of the malaria virus (Center for Disease Control, 2016).

There is no set style for clinical trials, but I would suggest you follow this format:

Clinical Trials trial from ClinicalTrials.gov with no completion date:

National Library of Medicine (U.S.). (2005, March - ). Radiation therapy (WBI versus PBI) in treating women who have undergone surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ or stage I or stage II breast cancer. Identifier NCT00103181. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00103181

Trial from ClinicalTrials.gov with a completion date and named investigators Soh, A.Y.S., & Wang, Y.T. (2018, May 7 - 2019, May 7). Changes in microbiota and metabolomic profile between Rifaximin responders and non-responders in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Identifier NCT03557788. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03557788

Online videos are cited similarly to the other types of digital media described above. However, because the creators of digital videos often go by pseudonymous screen names, this information is included after the author's name.

The general format is as follows:

Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Here, the "author" is the person who uploaded the video file. The screen name should be spelled and capitalized exactly as it appears, even if it does not observe standard spelling and capitalization rules.

If no author name is available, or if the author's name is identical to the username, leave it out. In this case, do not put the username in brackets.  See below examples:

In-text citation:

Boot talked about speech and language therapy (Tia Martin, 2021).

Reference list:

Boot, K. [Tia Martin]. (2021, February 2). Implementing PERMA on a School-Wide Basis - Kate Boot [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K35cI0HbfZ0&list=PLdjkEO39apQTwYDfjuwZbk9iNsIBzBzdC&index=2

Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded lectures, letters, messages from non-archived discussion groups and so on.  These are classified as personal communications because they cannot be retrieved by the reader.  

These types of personal communication should be cited in text, but not included in the reference list.  Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and as exact a date as possible, using the following formats:

Narrative citation: K. Daymond (personal communication, March 30th, 2020)

Parenthetical citation: (M.-J. Cooper, personal communication, January 13th, 2021)